分詞片語 Participle Phrase 分詞構句 Participle Clause

在我參考的這本寫作書上，是通通叫做分詞片語 participle phrase。 比方說 The man standing over there is her boyfriend. 這裡的 standing over there 是分詞片語。分詞片語可以是從形容詞子句來，從副詞子句來。而分詞構句 participle clause 句這裡有 clause 感覺應該是個子句。不過呢，我剛剛仔細查了一下，BBC 是說，分詞構句必須是從副詞子句來的，而且主詞要相同。所以比分說 Hoping for an “A", I was disappointed in my exam grade.  這個句子的 Hoping for an “A" 是分詞構句。但是呢，我參考這本美國出版的寫作書的話是把他們全部放在一起。 所以這一篇有包含了分詞片語跟分詞構句。只要是主詞相同，從副詞子句縮減過來的，可以叫做分詞構句。

下面是新作的講義跟影片，有更多的例子

新的分詞構句講義跟影片有現在分詞構句，過去分詞構句跟完成分詞構句

分詞片語就是用現在分詞(V1)，過去分詞(V3)，可以用作後衛修飾，也就是放在後面形容前面的名詞。但是不是所有的句子，所有的名詞都可以這樣用。分詞片語有一點令人混淆。主要是注意主動，被動，另外分詞片語通常是由子句省略而來的，省略的副詞子句或形容詞子句都必須是跟主要子句同一個主詞才可以省略。

Participial Phrases  分詞片語                          Jessie     P.1

摘要自Writing Academic English

一. 分詞的定義與種類

分詞（participle）是由動詞詞轉變而來的形容詞。

現在分詞(present participle)是由主動動詞(active verb)而來，有ing的結尾。

The custom fascinates me.

The fascinating custom has been the subject of many books.

過去分詞(past participle)是由被動動詞(passive verb)而來，常有ed結尾，也就是動詞的第三態。

My leg was broken in three places.

My broken leg is healing slowly.

二. 分詞片語的形成

分詞片語是由一個分詞加上一些字所組成，可以用來修飾名詞跟代名詞。分詞片語經常是由形容詞子句縮減而來，所以有時也叫做縮減子句(reduced clauses)。

縮減方式如下：

1. 把形容詞子句中的關係代名詞去掉（只有關係代名詞為主詞時），
2. 把動詞的助動詞去掉，主要動詞改為分詞，
3. 保留原有的標點，
4. 否定句則將not放到分詞前即可。

A pedestrian who had been hit by a speeding taxi was lying in the street.

A pedestrian hit by a speeding taxi was lying in the street.

An ambulance that was summoned by a bystander came quickly.

An ambulance summoned by a bystander came quickly.

The taxi driver, who did not realize what happened, continued on.

The taxi driver, not realizing what happened, continued on.

 

三. 分詞片語的位置與標點符號

分詞片語可用在限定子句或分限定子句。

限定子句中的分詞片語只可接在修飾名詞的後面，不加逗號。

A woman hurrying to catch a bus tripped and fell.

非限定子句中的分詞片語，可以放在修飾名詞的後面，或放到修飾名詞的前面，一定要以逗號將分詞片語與整個句子隔開。

Teresa, hurrying to catch a bus, stumbled and fell.

Hurrying to catch a bus, Teresa stumbled and fell.

注意事項：切記分詞片語在前面時，這個片語一定要是修飾後面句子的主詞。

Hoping for an A, my exam grade disappointed me. (X)

Hoping for an A, I was disappointed in my exam grade.

修飾整個句子的分詞片語應該用逗號將整個句子與分詞片語隔開。

The team won the championship, shocking their opponents.

 

四. 現在分詞片語

現在分詞片語可能是由現在式，過去式，或未來式所形成。

現在簡單式

Many students who study at this university are from foreign countries.

Many students studying at this university are from foreign countries.

現在進行式

Students who are taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator.

Students taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator.

過去簡單式

The team members, who looked happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans.

The team members, looking happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans.

過去進行式

The crowd, which was cheering wildly as the game ended, would not leave the stadium.

Cheering wildly as the game ended, the crowd would not leave the stadium.

 

四. 現在分詞片語

未來式

Everyone who will take the TOEFL next month must preregister.

Everyone taking the TOEFL next month must preregister.

五. 過去分詞片語

過去分詞片語可能由現在式或過去式的被動動詞形成。

現在簡單式

Lab reports that are not handed in by Friday will not be accepted.

Lab reports not handed in by Friday will not be accepted.

過去簡單式

The proposed law, which was opposed by the majority of the people, did not pass.

The proposed law, opposed by the majority of the people, did not pass.

 

六. 副詞子句的縮減

有些副詞子句也可以用相同的方式縮減成分詞片語。分詞片語在前面時，用逗號將之與獨立子句分開，分詞片語在後面時，則不須逗號。

When you enter a theater, you should turn off your cell phone.

When entering a theater, you should turn off your cell phone.

You should turn off your cell phone when entering a theater.

縮減方式如下：

1. 確定主要子句跟副詞子句的主詞是相同的，
2. 省略副詞子句的主詞，假如必要的話，把分詞片語移到最前面（因為有時候改成分詞片語語義會引起誤會，所以要放到最前面），
3. 將副詞子句改為適當的分詞片語，
4. 根據下列規則，保留或刪去某些副詞子句的從屬代名詞。
   1. 保留before跟時間子句的since
   2. 保留after, while, when，假如這些從屬代名詞放在主要子句後面。當這些從屬代名詞放在主要子句前時，可保留也可省略。
   3. 省略表示理由的because, since, as與表示時間的as。

六. 副詞子句的縮減

Before student chooses a college, he or she should consider several factors.

Before choosing a college, a student should consider several factors.

A student should consider several factors before choosing a college.

After he had passed the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman in college.

After passing the TOEFL exam, he became a freshman in college.

Because Carlos came from a very conservative family, he was shocked at the U.S. system of coed dormitories.

Coming from a very conservative family, Carlos was shocked at the U.S. system of coed dormitories.

As he gradually got used to the way of life in the United States, he became less homesick.

Gradually getting used to the way of life in the United States, he became less homesick.

 

 

七. 翻譯練習：請用分詞構句寫出下列句子

1. 我在超市買東西的時候，遇到一個老朋友。

2. 在出門上班前，我吃了早餐。

3. 自從來這家公司上班後，她學了很多。

4. 缺乏必需的資格(qualification)，他沒有拿到那份工作。

5. 負擔不起車子，我買了一臺摩托車。

答案

七. 翻譯練習：請用分詞構句寫出下列句子

1. While shopping in the supermarket, I ran into an old friend.

2. Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

3. Since working for this company, she has learned a lot.

4. Lacking the necessary qualification, he didn’t get the job.

5. Being unable to afford a car, I bought a scooter.